FIGURE SUMMARY
Title

Fipronil Affects Craniofacial and Heart Development in Zebrafish Embryos (Danio rerio)

Authors
Cooper, K.L., Krut, Z.G., Franz, B.D., Walker, B.S., Kramer, A.G., Morgan, J.R., Lassiter, C.S.
Source
Full text @ Zebrafish
Fig. 1

Jaw measurements used to determine craniofacial abnormalities in zebrafish embryos.

Fig. 2

Whole body morphological defects in zebrafish embryos exposed to 0, 0.7, 1.0, and 1.5 μM fipronil at 3 dpf. Note the shorter body length in treated embryos. Edema can be seen in the highest concentration treatment. Scale bar is 500 μm.

Fig. 3

Mean body length of 3, 4, and 5 dpf Danio rerio embryos decreased significantly when treated with fipronil (p < 0.05). n = 75 embryos in each treatment (three replicates of 25 each, *significantly different from control for each day, p < 0.05).

Fig. 4

Heart function is significantly impacted in D. rerio embryos treated with fipronil (p < 0.05). (A) Edema is present in a higher percentage of 5 dpf embryos treated with fipronil. n = 69 embryos or greater in each treatment (three replicates of 25 embryos, *significantly different from control, p < 0.05). (B) Heart rate is significantly higher in 5 dpf embryos treated with fipronil. n = 75 embryos in each treatment (three replicates of 25 embryos, *significantly different from control, p < 0.05).

Fig. 5

(A) Heart area and (B) Atrial area of 5 dpf D. rerio embryos treated with 0, 0.7, 1.0, and 1.5 μM doses of fipronil is significantly larger at some concentrations. n = 60 embryos in each treatment (three replicates of 20 embryos, *significantly different from control, p < 0.05). (C) Atrium and (D) Ventricle of Tg(cmlc2:gCaMP) embryos used to calculate the atrial, ventricle, and total heart area.

Fig. 6

(A) Mean eye area and (B) diameter of 3, 4, and 5 dpf D. rerio embryos is significantly decreased after treatment with fipronil. n = 75 embryos in each treatment (three replicates of 25 embryos, *significantly different from control, p < 0.05).

Fig. 7

Average jaw angles and lengths of 5 dpf D. rerio embryos are significantly increased after treatment with fipronil. (A) PQ-Meckle's angle, (B) PQ length, (C) CH angle, (D) PQ-CH angle, (E) Meckle's angle, (F) CH-Meckle's length. n = 30 embryos in each treatment (three replicates of 10 embryos, *significantly different from control, p < 0.05).

Fig. 8

Subtle changes in jaw development in 5 dpf D. rerio embryos visualized using Tg(sox10:gfp). (A) Control, (B) 0.7 μM, (C) 1.0 μM, (D) 1.5 μM fipronil. Note the slightly elongated and wider jaw in fipronil-treated embryos. Anterior to the top. Double-headed white arrow indicates the increase in CH/Meckel's length compared to the control. Scale bar is 200 μm.

Acknowledgments
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