FIGURE 1

Verapamil-induced heart failure model in zebrafish (A) Experimental scheme for heart failure model in zebrafish. (B) Representative images of vehicle-treated and verapamil-treated zebrafish heart. The heart of ES was shown in red line, and the heart of ED was shown in yellow line; ES: end systole, ED: end diastole (C?H) Quantification of cardiac function in Tg(cmlc2: eGFP) zebrafish larvae with verapamil. HR: heart rate, FAC: fractional area change, SV: stroke volume, FS: fractional shortening, EF: ejection fraction, CO: cardiac output. N ? 20. # p < 0.05 vs. Control, ## p < 0.01 vs. Control.
FIGURE 2

FJHQD alleviates cardiac function in verapamil-induced heart failure model (A) Experimental scheme for heart failure model in zebrafish. (B) Representative images of vehicle-treated and verapamil-treated zebrafish heart. The heart of ES was shown in red line, the heart of ED was shown in yellow line (C?H) Quantification of cardiac function in Tg(cmlc2: eGFP) zebrafish larvae treated with FJHQD. n ? 19. # p < 0.05 vs. Control, ## p < 0.01 vs. Control, * p < 0.05 vs. Model, ** p < 0.01 vs. Model.
FIGURE 3

The therapeutic effects of botanical drugs on verapamil-induced heart failure model in zebrafish. Representative images (A) and quantification (B?G) of cardiac function in Tg (cmlc2: eGFP) zebrafish larvae treated with botanical drugs. N ? 15. # p < 0.05 vs. Control, ## p < 0.01 vs. Control, * p < 0.05 vs. Model, ** p < 0.01 vs. Model.
FIGURE 4

FJHQD, STR and GRR inhibit oxidative damages in verapamil-induced heart failure zebrafish. Representative images (A) and quantification (B) of the fluorescence signals of DCFH-DA probe in control or verapamil treated larvae with or without botanical drugs extracts. N ? 11. # p < 0.05 vs. Control, ## p < 0.01 vs. Control, * p < 0.05 vs. Model, ** p < 0.01 vs. Model.
FIGURE 5

The therapeutic effects of the main components of botanical drugs on verapamil-induced heart failure model in zebrafish (A?C) Quantification of cardiac function in Tg(cmlc2: eGFP) zebrafish larvae treated with main components of STR, AR and GRR. N ? 10. # p < 0.05 vs. Control, ## p < 0.01 vs. Control, * p < 0.05 vs. Model, ** p < 0.01 vs. Model.
FIGURE 6

The therapeutic effects of main ingredients in active components on verapamil-induced heart failure model in zebrafish (A?F) Quantification of cardiac function in Tg(cmlc2: eGFP) zebrafish larvae treated with ingredients. (G) Quantification indicators of AHFI, the dotted line indicates an AHFI value of 0.6. N ? 6. # p < 0.05 vs. Control, ## p < 0.01 vs. Control, * p < 0.05 vs. Model, ** p < 0.01 vs. Model.
FIGURE 7

Glycyrrhizic acid, licochalcone A and calycosin inhibit oxidative damages in verapamil-induced heart failure zebrafish. Representative images (A) and quantification (B) of the fluorescence intensities of DCFH-DA probe in Control larvae or verapamil treated larvae with or without sample protection. N ? 15. # p < 0.05 vs. Control, ## p < 0.01 vs. Control, * p < 0.05 vs. Model, ** p < 0.01 vs. Model.
FIGURE 8

The mRNA relative expression of nppa, tnfa, il1b, il6, caspase 1 and caspase 3. N = 3. # p < 0.05 vs. Control, ## p < 0.01 vs. Control, * p < 0.05 vs. Model, ** p < 0.01 vs. Model.
FIGURE 9

FJHQD and its active ingredients may exert anti-heart failure activity through pathways related to inflammation and apoptosis.
Acknowledgments
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