Testing Apparatus. (A) The open field testing arena consisted of a white plastic cylinder (26.0 cm in diameter) filled to a water depth of 5.0 cm. (B) For the novel object approach test, a multicoloured Lego figurine with a height of 4.25 cm was affixed to the center of the open field arena using a ′1 × 2′ Lego brick. The test arena was partitioned into three zones in EthoVision XT motion tracking software (inner, transition, and outer zones). (C) Diagram of experimental procedure: Individual fish were netted from the housing facility into a dosing beaker for 10-min of terpene exposure, then transferred to the open field arena. After a 10-min trial in the open field test, a Lego figurine was placed into the center of the arena for the 10-min novel object approach test trial.

The effects of (+ /−)-alpha-pinene administration in the open field test. Average duration of time fish spent in the (A) inner and (B) outer, ‘thigmotaxis’ zone during the open field test. Fish locomotion was quantified in the open field test by measuring (C) swimming velocity and (D) time spent immobile. All data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. Significant differences between controls and (+ /−)-alpha-pinene treated groups are indicated by **(p < 0.05).

The effects of (+ /−)-alpha-pinene administration in the novel object approach test. Average duration of time fish spent in the (A) inner and (B) outer ‘thigmotaxis’ zone during the novel object approach test. Fish locomotion was quantified in the novel object approach test by measuring (C) swimming velocity and (D) time spent immobile. All data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. Significant differences between controls and (+ /−)-alpha-pinene treated groups are indicated by **(p < 0.05).

The effects of (−)-alpha-pinene administration in the open field test. Average duration of time fish spent in the (A) inner and (B) outer ‘thigmotaxis’ zone during the open field test. Fish locomotion was quantified in the open field test by measuring (C) swimming velocity and (D) time spent immobile. All data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. Significant differences between controls and (−)-alpha-pinene treated groups are indicated by **(p < 0.01) and ***(p < 0.001).

The effects of (−)-alpha-pinene administration in the novel object approach test. Average duration of time fish spent in the (A) inner and (B) outer ‘thigmotaxis’ zone during the novel object approach test. Fish locomotion was quantified in the novel object approach test by measuring (C) swimming velocity and (D) time spent immobile. All data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. Significant differences between controls and (−)-alpha-pinene treated groups are indicated by ***(p < 0.001).

The effects of (+)-alpha-pinene administration in the open field test. Average duration of time fish spent in the (A) inner and (B) outer ‘thigmotaxis’ zone during the open field test. Fish locomotion was quantified in the open field test by measuring (C) swimming velocity and (D) time spent immobile. All data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. Significant differences between controls and (+)-alpha-pinene treated groups are indicated by *(p < 0.01), **(p < 0.001), and ****(p < 0.0001).

The effects of (+)-alpha-pinene administration in the novel object approach test. Average duration of time fish spent in the (A) inner and (B) outer ‘thigmotaxis’ zone during the novel object approach test. Fish locomotion was quantified in the novel object approach test by measuring (C) swimming velocity and (D) time spent immobile. All data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. Significant differences between controls and (+)-alpha-pinene treated groups are indicated by *(p < 0.05) and **(p < 0.01).

The effects of beta-caryophyllene administration in the open field test. Average duration of time fish spent in the (A) inner and (B) outer ‘thigmotaxis’ zone during the open field test. Fish locomotion was quantified in the open field test by measuring (C) swimming velocity and (D) time spent immobile. All data are presented as mean ± S.E.M.

The effects of beta-caryophyllene administration in the novel object approach test. Average duration of time fish spent in the (A) inner and (B) outer ‘thigmotaxis’ zone during the novel object approach test. Fish locomotion was quantified in the novel object approach test by measuring (C) swimming velocity and (D) time spent immobile. All data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. Significant differences between controls and beta-caryophyllene treated groups are indicated by *(p < 0.05).