- Title
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Co-Treatment of Copper Oxide Nanoparticle and Carbofuran Enhances Cardiotoxicity in Zebrafish Embryos
- Authors
- Saputra, F., Uapipatanakul, B., Lee, J.S., Hung, S.M., Huang, J.C., Pang, Y.C., Muñoz, J.E.R., Macabeo, A.P.G., Chen, K.H., Hsiao, C.D.
- Source
- Full text @ Int. J. Mol. Sci.
Analysis of physical properties of copper oxide nanoparticles. (A) X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis; (B) Raman spectrum; (C) Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum; (D) UV-Vis absorption spectrum; (E) Transmission electron Microscopy (TEM) observation and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS); (F) Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis; (G) Zeta potential measurement. |
Mortality rate of zebrafish embryos after incubation in several concentration of either (A) CuO nanoparticles, (B) carbofuran or (C) combination of both compounds (CuO = mM, CAF = µM). |
Cardiac physiology alteration induced by CuO nanoparticle exposure in zebrafish larvae. (A) Stroke volume. (B) Heart rate of atrium. (C) Ejection fraction. (D) Cardiac output. (E) Heart rate of ventricle. (F) Shortening fraction. Data were statistically analyzed using ordinary one-way ANOVA with the Dunnett post-hoc test for multiple comparisons. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001. PHENOTYPE:
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Cardiac rhythm alteration induced by CuO nanoparticle exposure in zebrafish larvae. (A) Atrium SD1. (B) Ventricle SD1. (C) Atrium?ventricle interval. (D) Atrium SD2. (E) Ventricle SD2. (F) Ventricle?atrium interval. Data were statistically analyzed using a Brown?Fosythe one-way ANOVA with Dunnett post-hoc test for multiple comparisons. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005. PHENOTYPE:
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Cardiac physiology alteration induced by carbofuran in zebrafish larvae. (A) Stroke volume. (B) Heart rate of atrium. (C) Ejection fraction. (D) Cardiac output. (E) Heart rate of ventricle. (F) Shortening fraction. Data were statistically analyzed using ordinary one-way ANOVA with a Dunnett post-hoc test for multiple comparisons. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005. PHENOTYPE:
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Cardiac rhythm alteration induced by carbofuran in zebrafish larvae. (A) Atrium SD1. (B) Ventricle SD1. (C) Atrium?ventricle interval. (D) Atrium SD2. (E) Ventricle SD2. (F) Ventricle?atrium interval. Data were statistically analyzed using a Brown?Fosythe one-way ANOVA with a Dunnett post-hoc test for multiple comparisons. * p < 0.05. PHENOTYPE:
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Cardiac physiology alteration induced by CuO nanoparticle and carbofuran co-incubation in zebrafish larvae. (A) Stroke volume. (B) Heart rate of atrium. (C) Ejection fraction. (D) Cardiac output. (E) Heart rate of ventricle. (F) Shortening fraction. Data were statistically analyzed using the ordinary one-way ANOVA test with the Dunnett post-hoc test for multiple comparison analysis. * p < 0.05. (CuO = copper nanoparticle (mM), CAF = carbofuran (µM)). PHENOTYPE:
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Cardiac rhythm alteration induced by CuO nanoparticle and carbofuran co-incubation in zebrafish larvae. (A) Atrium SD1. (B) Ventricle SD1. (C) Atrium?ventricle interval. (D) Atrium SD2. (E) Ventricle SD2. (F) Ventricle?atrium interval. Data were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal?Wallis ANOVA test with Dunn?s post-hoc test for multiple comparison * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005. (CuO = copper nanoparticle (mM), CAF = carbofuran (µM)). PHENOTYPE:
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Molecular docking poses comparing the binding mechanism of ACh and carbofuran to AChE chain A. (A) Full view of the ACh-AChE complex, (B) expanded view of ACh?s binding site with interacting residues, (C) full view of the carbofuran-AChE complex, (D) expanded view of carbofuran?s binding site with interacting residues. |
Proposed model for cardiotoxicity triggered by CuO nanoparticle and carbofuran co-incubation in zebrafish larvae (A = atrium, V = ventricle). The solid line indicates direct evidence provide by our molecular docking data, while dotted line indicates indirect evidence collected from literature. |