- Title
-
Baicalein 5,6-Dimethyl Ether Prevents Memory Deficits in the Scopolamine Zebrafish Model by Regulating Cholinergic and Antioxidant Systems
- Authors
- Brinza, I., Ayoub, I.M., Eldahshan, O.A., Hritcu, L.
- Source
- Full text @ Plants (Basel)
Effects of the baicalein 5,6-dimethyl ether (1, 3, and 5 µg/L) on scopolamine (Sco, 100 ?M)-induced anxiety-like behavior in the novel tank-diving test (NTT). (A) representative swimming tracks of zebrafish in each group; (B) the time spent in top (s) in each group; (C) time spent in top/bottom ratio in each group; (D) total distance travelled (m) in each group; (E) distance top/bottom ratio in each group. Values are means ± S.E.M. (n = 10). For Tukey?s post hoc analyses: Control vs. Sco: ### p < 0.0001, Sco vs. Baicalein 5,6-dimethyl ether (1, 3, and 5 µg/L): ### p < 0.0001 (B?E). |
Effects of the baicalein 5,6-dimethyl ether (1, 3, and 5 µg/L) on scopolamine (Sco, 100 ?M)-induced increasing of the exploratory behavior and locomotion in the Y-maze. (A) representative swimming tracks of zebrafish in each group; (B) time in the novel arm (% of the total time) in each group; (C) spontaneous alternation (%) in each group; (D) total distance travelled (m) in each group; (E) turn angle (°) in each group. Values are means ± S.E.M. (n = 10). For Tukey?s post hoc analyses: Control vs. Sco: ### p < 0.0001, and ## p < 0.001, Sco vs. Baicalein 5,6-dimethyl ether (1, 3, and 5 µg/L): ## p < 0.001, and ### p < 0.0001 (B?E). |
Baicalein 5,6-dimethyl ether (1, 3, and 5 ?g/L) improved recognition memory in the novel object recognition (NOR) test. (A) Representative locomotion-tracking pattern of the control, scopolamine (Sco: 100 ?M), baicalein 5,6-dimethyl ether (1, 3, and 5 ?g/L), and galantamine (GAL, 1 mg/L) treated groups; the familiar object?F and the novel object (N); (B) Exploratory time of the familiar object (F) and novel object (N) in different groups; (C) The percentages of preference of the familiar object (F) and novel object (N) in different groups. Values are means ± S.E.M. (n = 10). Tukey?s post hoc analyses: (B) ### p < 0.0001 and # p < 0.01; (C) ### p < 0.0001 and ## p < 0.001. |
Effects of the baicalein 5,6-dimethyl ether on (A) AChE; (B) superoxide dismutase (SOD); (C) catalase (CAT) and (D) glutathione peroxidase (GPX) specific activities; (E) protein carbonyl and (F) malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Values represent means ± S.E.M. (n = 10) followed by Tukey?s post hoc analyses: (A) # p < 0.01 and ## p < 0.001; (B) ### p < 0.0001 and ## p < 0.001; (C) ### p < 0.0001; (D) ## p < 0.001 and ### p < 0.0001; (E) # p < 0.01 and ### p < 0.0001; (F) # p < 0.01 and ### p < 0.0001. |
Correlation analyses between behavioral and biochemical parameters (Pearson?s correlation). Data expressed are time in the novel arm (s), exploring the time of the novel object (s), AChE (nmol/min/mg protein), GPX (U/mg protein), protein carbonyl (nmol/mg protein), and MDA (nmol/mg protein). (A) Time in the novel arm vs. MDA (n = 10, r = ?0.518, p < 0.01); (B) Exploring time of the novel object vs. MDA (n = 10, r = ?0.601, p < 0.01); (C) AChE vs. MDA (n = 10, r = 0.574, p < 0.01); (D) GPX vs. MDA (n = 10, r = ?0.595, p < 0.01) and (E) protein carbonyl vs. MDA (n = 10, r = 0.907, p < 0.0001) in control (?), scopolamine (Sco) (?), and baicalein 5,6-dimethyl ether ((?) 1, (?) 3, and (?) 5 ?g/L) groups. |
Chemical structure of compound 1, baicalein 5,6-dimethyl ether. |
Schematic representation of the study experimental design, behavioral tests, and biochemical analyses. |