- Title
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Effects of the Hydroethanolic Extract of Lycopodium selago L. on Scopolamine-Induced Memory Deficits in Zebrafish
- Authors
- Valu, M.V., Ducu, C., Moga, S., Negrea, D., Hritcu, L., Boiangiu, R.S., Vamanu, E., Balseanu, T.A., Carradori, S., Soare, L.C.
- Source
- Full text @ Pharmaceuticals (Basel)
Chemical structure of the huperzine A (HupA). |
Lycopodim selago L. in Cluj County, Romania, 2020 (authors personal collection). |
The HPLC sample chromatogram of HupA. The retention time of sesquiterpene alkaloid HupA peak remained within the range of 14.812?14.813 min (A) as the HupA molecule standard (B), at 14.815 min. |
Lycopodium selago hydroethanolic extract (LS: 0.5, 1, and 3 mg/L) improved the locomotion pattern and memory in the Y-maze test. (A) Representative locomotion-tracking pattern of the control, scopolamine (SCOP 100 µM), Lycopodium selago (LS: 0.5, 1, and 3 mg/L) and galantamine (GAL: 1 mg/L) treated groups. (B) Representation of the total time spent in the novel arm in different groups. (C) Representation of the turn angle of zebrafish in the tank in different groups. (D) Representation of the total distance traveled by zebrafish in the tank in different groups. Values are means ± S.E.M. (n = 10). For Tukey?s post-hoc analyses: **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, and * p < 0.05. |
Lycopodium selago hydroethanolic extract (LS: 0.5, 1, and 3 mg/L) improved the locomotion pattern and reduced anxiety in the novel tank-diving test (NTT). (A) Representative locomotion-tracking pattern in different groups. (B) Representation of the distance traveled in the top zone in different groups. (C) The time spent by zebrafish in the top/bottom zone of the tank in different groups. (D) Representation of the number of entries in the top zone by zebrafish in the tank in different groups. (E) Representation of the freezing activity by zebrafish in the tank in different groups. (F) Representation of the average velocity of zebrafish in the tank in different groups. (G) Representation of the total distance traveled by zebrafish in the tank in different groups. Values are means ± S.E.M. (n = 10). For Tukey?s post-hoc analyses: **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, and * p < 0.05. |
Lycopodium selago hydroethanolic extract (LS: 0.5, 1, and 3 mg/L) improved memory in the novel object recognition test (NOR). (A) Representative locomotion-tracking pattern in different groups. (B) Representation of the percentages of preference in different groups. Values are means ± S.E.M. (n = 10). For Tukey?s post-hoc analyses: **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, and ** p < 0.01. |
Lycopodium selago hydroethanolic extract (LS: 0.5, 1, and 3 mg/L) exhibited an anti-AChE effect and improved the antioxidant status in the zebrafish brain. (A?D) Representation of the enzymes specific activity (CAT, SOD, GPX and GSH) in different groups; (E,F) Representation of the MDA and protein carbonyl levels in different groups; (G) AChE-specific activity. Values are means ± S.E.M. (n = 10). For Tukey?s post-hoc analyses: **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, and * p < 0.05. |
Correlation analyses between behavioral and biochemical parameters (Pearson?s correlation, n = 10): (A) Time in novel arm (% of total time) vs. MDA: r = ?0.7693, p < 0.001; (B) Preference vs. MDA: r = ?0.7817, p < 0.001; (C) SOD vs. MDA: r = 0.7478, p < 0.01; (D) CAT vs. MDA: r = ?0.8081, p < 0.001; (E) GPX vs. MDA: r = ?0.7140, p < 0.01; (F) GSH vs. MDA: r = ?0.5401, p < 0.05; (G) AChE vs. MDA: r = ?0.6455, p < 0.01. Data expressed are time in the novel arm (% of total time), time in the novel arm (s), SOD (U/mg protein), CAT (U/mg protein), GPX (U/mg protein) GSH (µg GSH/µg protein), AChE (nmol/min/mg protein), and MDA (nmol/mg protein). |