Effects of PCs on H2O2-treated cytotoxicity of PC12 cells. Cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assays. (a) Cytotoxic effects of H2O2 at different concentrations in PC12 cells; (b) cytotoxic effects of PCs at different concentrations in PC12 cells; (c) PCs attenuated H2O2-induced decreases in cell viability. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. All experiments were conducted six times. Values with different letters above each bar represent significant differences (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA).

Effects of PCs on H2O2-treated cytotoxicity of PC12 cells. Cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assays. (a) Cytotoxic effects of H2O2 at different concentrations in PC12 cells; (b) cytotoxic effects of PCs at different concentrations in PC12 cells; (c) PCs attenuated H2O2-induced decreases in cell viability. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. All experiments were conducted six times. Values with different letters above each bar represent significant differences (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA).

PCs attenuate H2O2-treated oxidative stress and increase antioxidant activities in PC12 cells. (a) Representative fluorescence photomicrographs of PC12 cells; (b) ROS levels were measured by software; (c) MDA levels; (d) GSH-Px activity; (e) CAT activity; (f) SOD activity. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. All experiments were conducted three times. Values with different letters above are significantly different (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA).

PCs attenuate H2O2-treated oxidative stress and increase antioxidant activities in PC12 cells. (a) Representative fluorescence photomicrographs of PC12 cells; (b) ROS levels were measured by software; (c) MDA levels; (d) GSH-Px activity; (e) CAT activity; (f) SOD activity. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. All experiments were conducted three times. Values with different letters above are significantly different (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA).

Effects of PCs on the Nrf2/ARE pathway in H₂O₂-treated PC12 cells. (a) Protein levels of Nrf2 and Keap1, as determined by Western blotting; (b) Nrf2/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (c) Keap1/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (d) protein expression levels of nuclear Nrf2 and cytoplasmic Nrf2, as determined by Western blotting; (e) nuclear Nrf2/LaminB protein relative expression (ratio to control); (f) cytoplasmic Nrf2/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (g) protein levels of HO-1, NQO1, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), and GCLM, as determined by Western blotting; (h) HO-1/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (i) NQO1/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (j) GCLC/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (k) GCLM/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. All experiments were conducted three times. Values with different letters above are significantly different (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA).

Effects of PCs on the Nrf2/ARE pathway in H₂O₂-treated PC12 cells. (a) Protein levels of Nrf2 and Keap1, as determined by Western blotting; (b) Nrf2/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (c) Keap1/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (d) protein expression levels of nuclear Nrf2 and cytoplasmic Nrf2, as determined by Western blotting; (e) nuclear Nrf2/LaminB protein relative expression (ratio to control); (f) cytoplasmic Nrf2/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (g) protein levels of HO-1, NQO1, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), and GCLM, as determined by Western blotting; (h) HO-1/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (i) NQO1/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (j) GCLC/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (k) GCLM/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. All experiments were conducted three times. Values with different letters above are significantly different (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA).

Effects of PCs on the Nrf2/ARE pathway in H₂O₂-treated PC12 cells. (a) Protein levels of Nrf2 and Keap1, as determined by Western blotting; (b) Nrf2/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (c) Keap1/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (d) protein expression levels of nuclear Nrf2 and cytoplasmic Nrf2, as determined by Western blotting; (e) nuclear Nrf2/LaminB protein relative expression (ratio to control); (f) cytoplasmic Nrf2/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (g) protein levels of HO-1, NQO1, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), and GCLM, as determined by Western blotting; (h) HO-1/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (i) NQO1/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (j) GCLC/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (k) GCLM/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. All experiments were conducted three times. Values with different letters above are significantly different (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA).

Nrf2/ARE signaling is responsible for PCs-mediated antioxidative actions in H₂O₂-treated PC12 cells. (a) Knockout efficiency was detected by determination of Nrf2 protein expression using Western blotting; (b) Nrf2/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (c) cell viability; (d) MDA levels; (e) SOD activity. Data are expressed as the mean ±SD. All experiments were conducted three times. Values with different letters above are significantly different, (p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 relative to control group, one-way ANOVA).

Nrf2/ARE signaling is responsible for PCs-mediated antioxidative actions in H₂O₂-treated PC12 cells. (a) Knockout efficiency was detected by determination of Nrf2 protein expression using Western blotting; (b) Nrf2/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (c) cell viability; (d) MDA levels; (e) SOD activity. Data are expressed as the mean ±SD. All experiments were conducted three times. Values with different letters above are significantly different, (p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 relative to control group, one-way ANOVA).

Effects of PCs on motility of H2O2-treated zebrafish larvae. (a) Typical patterns of swimming traces of zebrafish larvae in each group; (b) average total distance of zebrafish larvae in each group. Data are shown as the mean ± SD. All experiments were repeated three times. Values with different letters above are significantly different (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA).

Effects of PCs on oxidative stress in H₂O₂-treated zebrafish larvae. (a) Representative fluorescence photomicrographs of zebrafish larvae; (b) ROS levels were measured via imaging software; (c) MDA levels; (d) GSH-Px activity; (e) CAT activity; (f) SOD activity. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. All experiments were conducted three times. Values with different letters above are significantly different (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA).

Effects of PCs on oxidative stress in H₂O₂-treated zebrafish larvae. (a) Representative fluorescence photomicrographs of zebrafish larvae; (b) ROS levels were measured via imaging software; (c) MDA levels; (d) GSH-Px activity; (e) CAT activity; (f) SOD activity. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. All experiments were conducted three times. Values with different letters above are significantly different (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA).

Effects of PCs on the Nrf2/ARE pathway in H2O2-treated zebrafish larvae. (a) Nrf2 levels; (b) GCLC levels; (c) GCLM levels; (d) HO-1 levels; (e) NQO1 levels. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. Values with different letters above are significantly different (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA test).

Effects of PCs on the Nrf2/ARE pathway in H2O2-treated zebrafish larvae. (a) Nrf2 levels; (b) GCLC levels; (c) GCLM levels; (d) HO-1 levels; (e) NQO1 levels. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. Values with different letters above are significantly different (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA test).