Acrylamide exposure negatively affects survival (A), hatching (B), and heart rate (C). n = 30 for each dose, respectively. * p < 0.01. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean.

Acrylamide exposure negatively affects survival (A), hatching (B), and heart rate (C). n = 30 for each dose, respectively. * p < 0.01. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean.

Behavioral effects following a 5-day exposure to acrylamide. (A). Acrylamide-treated wild-type zebrafish larvae exhibited impaired locomotor activity (circular movement and decreased swimming speed and distance traveled) that was concentration-dependent. (B). Distance traveled. (C). Swimming speed. * p < 0.01. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean.

Behavioral effects following a 5-day exposure to acrylamide. (A). Acrylamide-treated wild-type zebrafish larvae exhibited impaired locomotor activity (circular movement and decreased swimming speed and distance traveled) that was concentration-dependent. (B). Distance traveled. (C). Swimming speed. * p < 0.01. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean.

Acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in transgenic tg(elavl3:eGFP) zebrafish. (A–A”). Pan-neuronal cells were used to analyze neurotoxicity. Brain width (A’) and spinal cord neuron width (A”) were measured. (B). Brain neurotoxicity. From 72 hpf onwards, zebrafish larvae treated with 100 mg/L acrylamide exhibited shorter brain width than controls. White asterisks denote severely short brain width. (C). Brain width. Brain width was shorter at the 72–120 hpf measurement time points in fish exposed to 100 mg/L acrylamide (n = 10). * p < 0.01. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean.

Acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in transgenic tg(elavl3:eGFP) zebrafish. (A–A”). Pan-neuronal cells were used to analyze neurotoxicity. Brain width (A’) and spinal cord neuron width (A”) were measured. (B). Brain neurotoxicity. From 72 hpf onwards, zebrafish larvae treated with 100 mg/L acrylamide exhibited shorter brain width than controls. White asterisks denote severely short brain width. (C). Brain width. Brain width was shorter at the 72–120 hpf measurement time points in fish exposed to 100 mg/L acrylamide (n = 10). * p < 0.01. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean.

Comparison of spinal cord neuronal width between controls and acrylamide-treated zebrafish. (A). Spinal cord neuron width was similar between groups until 48 hpf. Between 72 and 96 hpf, fish treated with 100 mg/L acrylamide exhibited shorter spinal cord width (white asterisks). (B). Spinal cord neuronal width (n = 10). * p < 0.01. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean.

Comparison of spinal cord neuronal width between controls and acrylamide-treated zebrafish. (A). Spinal cord neuron width was similar between groups until 48 hpf. Between 72 and 96 hpf, fish treated with 100 mg/L acrylamide exhibited shorter spinal cord width (white asterisks). (B). Spinal cord neuronal width (n = 10). * p < 0.01. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean.