AroB MO-mediated effects on cardiac functions. (a) Representative images of a lateral view of heart region of 48-hpf embryos (uninjected control (C), InvB MO-injected and AroB MO-injected embryos, and E₂ exposed embryos). (a) Atrium; V, Ventricle; L, Length; W, Width. (b) Measurement of heart ventricle at diastolic and systolic phase. Width of ventricle (a); length of ventricle (b); cross-sectional area of ventricle (c). (c) Measurement of EDV, ESV and SV. (d) Measurement of FS, FAC and EF. (e) Measurement of CO. Data are presented as a mean ± SEM. (*) indicates a significant difference compared to control (p < 0.05). Ns, not significant; EDV, end-diastolic volume; ESV, end-systolic volume; SV, stroke volume; FS, fractional shortening; FAC, fractional area change; EF, ejection fraction; and CO, cardiac output.

E₂ reversed the effects of AroB MO-mediated knockdown on cardiac functions. (a) Measurement of heart ventricle at diastolic and systolic phase. Width of ventricle (a); length of ventricle (b); cross-sectional area of ventricle (c). (b) Measurement of EDV, ESV and SV. (c) Measurement of FS, FAC and EF. (d) Measurement of CO. Data are presented as a mean ± SEM. (*) indicates a significant difference compared to control (p < 0.05).