PUBLICATION
Identification of an enzymatically formed glutathione conjugate of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR: the first step of detoxication
- Authors
- Pflugmacher, S., Wiegand, C., Oberemm, A., Beattie, K.A., Krause, E., Codd, G.A., and Steinberg, C.E.
- ID
- ZDB-PUB-990607-18
- Date
- 1998
- Source
- Biochimica et biophysica acta. General subjects 1425(3): 527-533 (Journal)
- Registered Authors
- Oberemm, Axel, Pflugmacher, Stepan, Wiegand, Claudia
- Keywords
- none
- MeSH Terms
-
- Animals
- Bacterial Toxins/chemistry*
- Biotransformation
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Cyanobacteria/metabolism*
- Dinitrochlorobenzene/metabolism
- Fishes
- Glutathione/chemistry*
- Glutathione Transferase/metabolism
- Mass Spectrometry
- Microcystins
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry*
- Water Microbiology
- PubMed
- 9838216 Full text @ BBA General Subjects
Citation
Pflugmacher, S., Wiegand, C., Oberemm, A., Beattie, K.A., Krause, E., Codd, G.A., and Steinberg, C.E. (1998) Identification of an enzymatically formed glutathione conjugate of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR: the first step of detoxication. Biochimica et biophysica acta. General subjects. 1425(3):527-533.
Abstract
Cyanobacterial toxins have adverse effects on mammals, birds and fish and are being increasingly recognised as a potent stress factor and health hazard factor in aquatic ecosystems. Microcystins, cyclic heptapeptides and a main group of the cyanotoxins are mainly retained within the producer cells during cyanobacterial bloom development. However, these toxins are released into the surrounding medium by senescence and lysis of the blooms. Any toxin present could then come into contact with a wide range of aquatic organisms including phytoplankton grazers, invertebrates, fish and aquatic plants.Recent studies showed the conversion of microcystin in animal liver to a more polar compound in correlation with a depletion of the glutathione pool of the cell. The present study shows the existence of a microcystin-LR glutathione conjugate formed enzymatically via soluble glutathione S-transferase in various aquatic organisms ranging from plants (Ceratophyllum demersum), invertebrates (Dreissena polymorpha, Daphnia magna) up to fish eggs and fish (Danio rerio). The main derived conjugate was characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry yielding a mass of m/z 1302, which is equivalent to the mass assumed for a glutathione microcystin-LR conjugate. This conjugate appears to be the first step in the detoxication of a cyanobacterial toxin in aquatic organisms.
Genes / Markers
Expression
Phenotype
Mutations / Transgenics
Human Disease / Model
Sequence Targeting Reagents
Fish
Orthology
Engineered Foreign Genes
Mapping