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Fig. 7 Schematic illustration of the conserved functions of Rab23 in primary cilia. Rab23 exerts evolutionarily conserved and context-specific functions in maintaining morphologically intact and functional primary cilia. Specifically, in the absence of Rab23, severe perturbations in ciliogenesis were found in distinct neuronal populations in the neocortex, while neural progenitor cells, chondrocytes, fibroblasts and iPSCs, were less severely affected. No significant changes in primary cilia prevalence were observed in Rab23 knockout hippocampus neurons, epithelial cells, or cerebellar granule cell precursors.