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Fig. 1 Characteristics of H1048-ER cells in vitro. A Morphological differences between the parent cell line (H1048) and etoposide-resistant strain (H1048-ER) under an inverted microscope. B Viability of H1048 cells and H1048-ER cells treated by etoposide (0.008, 0.04, 0.2, 1, 5, 25, 125, and 625 µM) for 24 h. C Proliferation curves of H1048 cells (black line) and etoposide-resistant H1048-ER cells (red line). D Imaging and quantification of H1048 cells and H1048-ER cells in the migration experiment. E Imaging and quantification of H1048 cells and H1048-ER cells in the invasion experiment. ns no significance, and ***P < 0.001