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Fig. 3 Firework cell: abnormal SMCs in FCDIIb. a Immunofluorescence (IF) staining for PDGF (red)/ACTA2 (green) in lesion neocortex sections of FCDIIb patients. The dashed square indicates a local magnification. Scale bar, 1 and 0.1?mm. b IF staining for GFAP (red), TAGLN (green), and ACTA2 (green) in neocortex sections from FCDIIb patients and the paired adjacent neocortex. Scale bar, 0.1?mm. c Schematic model representing vascular system aberration in lesion neocortex. SMCs detach from endothelial cells to form FCs, impairing the contractile function of blood vessels and reducing oxygen supply. FC firework cell, SMC smooth muscle cell.