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Fig. 1 Overview of cell types in the Neocortex of FCDIIb Patients. a Schematic representation of experimental workflow of droplet-based snRNA-seq on FCDIIb neocortex biopsies using 10X genomics. A total of 15 pairs of lesion/adjacent brain neocortex samples were obtained from 15 FCDIIb patients. Red dots indicate the lesion sites. b UMAP visualization of snRNA-seq transcriptomic profiles from (a), showing the overall annotation of 24 major cell types. Different colors represent distinct cell types. IN interneuron, PN projection neuron, GC glial cell, VC vasculature cell, AST astrocyte, Olig oligodendrocyte, OPC oligodendrocyte precursor cell, SMC smooth muscle cell, EC endothelial cell; Micro microglia. c Dot plot illustrating the expression patterns of marker genes of Micro, EC, AST, OPC, Olig, and other cell types. Dot size represents the percentage of cells expressing each gene in the indicated clusters, and color intensity reflects normalized expression levels. Clusters correspond to those in (b). d Descriptive statistics of the nucleus counts were obtained for each cluster in (b). The Cellular composition of the FCDIIb neocortex mainly consists of GC, PN, IN, and VC, closely resembling the normal neocortex. e Percentage of nuclei in each cluster in the snRNA-seq data. Lesion/Adjacent: lesion/adjacent neocortex of FCDIIb. n?=?15. Data are presented as median (center line) with interquartile range (Q1-Q3, interquartile range, IQR), extending to ħ1.5×IQR from the box edges. P-value by two-tailed Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. Source data is provided as a Source Data file. f The AUC value from cell type prioritization analysis (CTPA) for each cluster. The Augur R package was used for CTPA, comparing lesion vs. adjacent conditions.