Fig 5

Fig 5

The effects of vpa1365 on biofilm formation and hemolytic activity. (A) The normalized biofilm formation (total amount of biofilm/growth) of WT, Δvpa1365, ∆vpa1365-vpa1365, and ∆vpa1365-pMMB207 cultured at 37°C for 31 h was stained with 0.1% crystal violet, respectively. (B) The hemolytic circle diameter of WT, Δvpa1365, ∆vpa1365-vpa1365, and ∆vpa1365-pMMB207 growing on the Wagatsuma blood agar base. (C) Relative transcript levels of virulence-associated genes in WT, ∆vpa1365, and ∆vpa1365-vpa1365. (A–C) Results are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). Three separate experiments were performed in biological triplicates each. *P ≤ 0.05 and **P ≤ 0.01. ns, no significance. (D–F) The analysis of binding of VPA1365 to the promoter of biofilm regulator scrG, type IV pilus pilA, and mshA.