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Fig. 2 OTA induces apoptosis and ROS production in LO2 cells (A) Annexin V-FITC/PI assay was used to measure apoptotic cell percentages, analyzed through flow cytometry (n = 3). (B) TUNEL assay was performed to detect apoptotic cells, with green fluorescence indicating TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells (n = 3). (C) JC-1 detection in LO2 cells was assessed by flow cytometry, with the dot plot showing gating for JC-1 (red)-aggregates and JC-1 (green)-monomer populations (n = 3). Changes in MMP were reflected by the percentage of fluorescent intensity, where an increase in the percentage of green fluorescence intensity indicated a reduction in MMP. (D) ROS generation was measured using DCFH-DA staining and analyzed via flow cytometry (n = 3). Data are presented as mean ± S.D. *p < 0.05, * ** *p < 0.0001 vs. vehicle group.