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Fig. 3 Effects of valproic acid (VPA) on larval morphology at 120 h post-fertilisation (hpf) (n = 24 per group). (A) Representative images of WT-AB untreated controls and VPA-treated larvae. (B–E) Morphological evaluation in WT-AB fish showed significant effects (* p ≤ 0.05, *** p ≤ 0.001, **** p ≤ 0.0001, Kruskal–Wallis test) of VPA treatment at doses higher than 25 μM as compared with untreated controls for all measured parameters. (F) Representative images of Tg(mpeg1:EGFP) untreated controls and VPA-treated larvae. (G–J). Morphological evaluation of Tg(mpeg1:EGFP) fish showed a significant effect (* p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001, **** p ≤ 0.0001, Kruskal–Wallis test) of VPA treatment at 50 μM as compared with untreated controls for eye size, swim bladder size, and presence of pericardial oedema. Data are represented as individual values (lines indicate means ± SEM).