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Fig. 3 HMEL may lead to sustained population suppression, in contrast to SMRT. Comparison of HMEL and SMRT strategies. Left: With HMEL, the population suppression due to targeted females (red) may persist after the period of introduction through the fertile HMEL male (yellow) lineage. Later introductions can increase the HMEL allele frequency and further increase negative pressure on the population. Right: With SMRT, the sterility phenotype (red) is static and population suppression is limited to the life span of introduced modified individuals, and the target population may rapidly recover if new sterile individuals are not regularly introduced. SMRT, sterile male release technique