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Fig. 3 Ciarta gene duplication in C. yaquinae. (a) Phylogenetic tree and replication status of ciart in cod fish. C. yaquinae exhibits a unique and continuous tandem replication of eight copies, while C. rupestris, which has a closer evolutionary relationship to C. yaquinae, has three copies. The other three species have only a single copy. (b) Phylogenetic tree showing the relationship of 24 ciart genes among C. yaquinae, C. rupestris and 12 other species. (c) Pattern of CIART involvement in the TTFL (transcription–translation feedback loop) in C. yaquinae (above) and other Gadiformes fish species (below). The eight-fold tandem replication of ciart in C. yaquinae significantly impacts the TTFL pathway, compared to the single copy found in G. morhua, G. macrocephalus and L. lota.