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Fig. 7 miR-181a-5p negatively regulates the expression of DUSP6 MAPK phosphatase. A Content of miR-181a-5p in EV-treated macrophages. The amount of miR-181a-5p was quantified by qPCR after 24 h incubation with WT and KO EVs (1:20,000; cell:EV ratio). B Content of miR-181a-5p in macrophages polarized with WT and KO TCM and TFF EV-depleted TCM. The amount of miR-181a-5p was quantified by qPCR after 24 h incubation. C Non-polarized M0 were transfected with 100 nM miRNA mimics or NTC for 24 h, and the mRNA levels of DUSP6 were assessed by qPCR. D mRNA levels of DUSP6 in macrophages polarized with EVs. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post-hoc test. Data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 3 individual donors, triplicates. * indicates a significant difference between treatments and M0. # shows a significant difference between WT and KO EVs