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Fig. 7 Neuroprotective effect of Convolamine against Aβ25-35-induced learning impairments in mice: (a), (b) spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze, (c) step-through passive avoidance, and (d)–(h) active avoidance in the rectangular water-maze. Animals received Convolamine (0.3–3 mg/kg IP) 20 min before Aβ25-35 peptide (9 nmol ICV) on day 1 and the Y-maze test was performed on day 8, the passive avoidance test on days 9–10 and the active avoidance test on days 11–12, as shown. Retention was measured 24 h after training for passive avoidance and 72 h after training for active avoidance, without drug injection. (a) Spontaneous alternation percentage and (b) number of arm entries in the Y-maze test. (c) Step-through latency during the passive avoidance retention session. (d), (e) Active avoidance acquisition profiles in the rectangular water-maze, (f) short-term memory (STM) index, (g) latency to reach the platform location and (h) platform location crossings during the retention sesion. Bar graphs show mean ± SEM and individual data in (a), (b), (f)–(h) and box-and-wisker graphs show median and interquartile range and individual data in (c). The numbers of animals per groups were: n = 5–16 in (a), (b), 6–16 in (c)–(h). ANOVA: F(5,69) = 3.587, p = 0.0068, in (a); F(5,69) = 0.8110, p > 0.05, in (b); F(5,68) = 2.465, p = 0.0412, in (g); F(5,68) = 3.206, p = 0.0117, in (h). Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA: H = 1.973, p > 0.05, in (c). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 versus (V + V)-treated group; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01 versus (V + Aβ25-35)-treated group; † p < 0.05, †† p < 0.01, ††† p < 0.001 versus “0″ level; Dunnett's test in (a), (b), (g), (h), Dunn's test in (c), one-column t-test in (f).