|
Fig. 4 Anti-amnesic effect of Convolamine against Dizocilpine-induced learning impairments in mice: (a)–(c) spontaneous alternation test in the Y-maze and (d)–(f) step-through passive avoidance. Animals received Convolamine (0.1–3 mg/kg IP) 10 min before Dizocilpine (0.15 mg/kg IP), 20 min before the Y-maze session or passive avoidance training session. Retention was measured 24 h after training. (a), (c) alternation percentage and (b) number of arm entries in the Y-maze test. (d), (f) Step-through latency and (e) escape latency during the passive avoidance retention session. In (c), (f) NE-100 (1 mg/kg IP) was administered simultaneously as Convolamine (1 mg/kg IP), 10 min before Dizocilpine. Bar graphs show mean ± SEM and individual data in (a)–(c) and box-and-wisker graphs show median and interquartile range and individual data in (d)–(f). The number of animals per groups were: n = 11–16 in (a), (b), 12–21 in (c), 11–15 in (d), (e), and n = 10–18 in (F). ANOVA: F(5,79) = 8.085, p < 0.0001, in (a); F(5,79) = 5.234, p = 0.0003, in (b); F(4,66) = 10.73, p < 0.0001, in (c). Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA: H = 32.99, p < 0.0001, in (d); H = 21.1, p = 0.0008, in (e); H = 29.67, p < 0.0001, in (f). ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 versus (V + V)-treated group; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.0001 versus (V + Dizocilpine)-treated group; @ p < 0.05 versus (Convolamine 1 + Dizocilpine)-treated group; Dunnett's test in (a)–(c), Dunn's test in (d)–(f).