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Figure 5 GAH repairs vascular impairment by upregulating the mRNA and protein levels of BMP and VEGF signaling pathway members. (a) Spatiotemporal expression of kdrl by ISH in different groups. Red arrows indicated the specific expression of kdrl in PMBC, PCV, CV, DA, and MCeV. Scale bars: 100 μm. The proportion of embryonic expression patterns in each group was shown as indicated and based on four (for DMH1) and three (for DM) repetitions. (b,d) Relative mRNA expression levels of bmp2b, bmp4, vegfaa, kdrl, and fli1 by quantitative PCR in different treatment groups as indicated. gapdh: reference gene. Each gene was tested at least five times. (c,e) Protein levels of Bmp2b, Bmp4, Vegfa, and Vegfr2 in different groups by ELISA assay. Each protein was repeated 2–3 times. p < 0.05 (*), p < 0.01 (**), p < 0.001 (***), and NS, nonsignificant.