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Figure 3 Inhibitory effects of UA extract on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. (a) Cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of UA extract for 1 h prior to incubation with LPS (0.5 μg/mL) for 24 h. The PGE2 levels in the culture medium were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Three independent experiments were performed, and the data are presented as the mean ± SEM. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 compared to the cells treated with LPS alone. (b) Cells were treated with UA extract for 1 h and then induced with LPS for 6 h. β-Actin expression was used as an internal control for quantitative RT-PCR analysis. (c) Cells were treated with UA extract for 1 h and then induced with LPS for 24 h. Ten cell lysates were prepared, and the COX-2 protein expression levels were analyzed by western blotting. β-Actin expression was used as an internal control for western blots.