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Figure 3 5-Bromoprotocatechualdehyde (BPCA) isolated from Polysiphonia japonica prevents PA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction by preserving antioxidant enzymes in Ins-1 cells. Ins-1 cells were incubated with 50 µM BPCA for 1 h, and then further incubated with/without 0.2 mM PA for 12 h. (A) Intracellular ROS was subsequently measured using 10 µM 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). Scale bar: 10 µm. (B) Radical production was subsequently determined using an electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer as described in “Materials and Methods”. (C) Western blotting was subsequently performed as described in “Materials and Methods”. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, n.s. = no significance.