Figure 4

Figure 4

Comparison of social interaction and shoaling behavior endpoints between the untreated control and C₇₀ NP-exposed fish after 14-day exposure. (A) Average speed, (B) average distance to separator side, (C) interaction time percentage, and (D) the longest duration in the separator side were analyzed for the social interaction test (n = 30 for the untreated control; n = 12 for the 0.5 ppm C₇₀ NP-exposed fish; n = 19 for the 1.5 ppm C₇₀ NP-exposed fish). For the shoaling test: (E) average speed, (F) time in top duration, (G) average shoal area, (H) average inter-fish distance, (I) average nearest neighbor distance, and (J) average farthest neighbor distance were analyzed (n = 30 for the untreated control; n = 24 for the 0.5 ppm C₇₀ NPs-exposed fish; n = 21 for the 1.5 ppm C₇₀ NPs-exposed fish, with 3 fish for each shoal). The data are expressed as the median with interquartile range and were analyzed by the Kruskal–Wallis test, with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test as a follow-up test (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001).