Figure 1

Figure 1

(A) Overview of the experimental design and time points for chronic exposure of C₇₀ fullerene nanoparticles (NPs) to adult zebrafish. For chronic toxicity, we measured color preference and short-term memory at 7 days post-exposure (dpe). 3D locomotion, novel tank, mirror biting, predator avoidance, social interaction, and shoaling tests were given at 14 dpe. The circadian rhythm test was given at 21 dpe. After all behavior tests, fish were dissected and subjected to biochemical assays by 22 dpe. Characterization of the C₇₀ NPs used in this study: (B) SEM micrograph of C₇₀ NPs stock solution in the absence of solvents, (C) C₇₀ NPs dissolved in DMSO showing wide disparity in aggregation, (D) high magnification scanning electron micrograph showing the size of C₇₀ NPs used in this study, and (E) X-ray diffraction patterns of the crystal quality of the C₇₀ NPs. (F) The particle size distribution of 0.5 ppm C₇₀ NPs in DMSO was measured by dynamic light scattering. C₇₀ NP suspensions were sonicated prior to measurement to resuspend the large particles and assess changes in large aggregate status. (G) The zeta potential value of C₇₀ NPs is estimated at −34.0 mV.