Figure 11

Figure 11

(A) Haptomonads stages of Paratrypanosoma confusum: adhesion occurs through an attachment pad forming from the bulge at the base of the flagellum involving extensive remodelling of the flagellum membrane (based on Skalický et al., 2017). The square indicates the location of the flagellar pocket. (B) T. brucei epimastigotes attached through the flagellum to the brush border of the salivary gland epithelium (based on Beattie and Gull, 1997; Schuster et al., 2017; Vickerman and Tetley, 1990). (C) T. congolense adhesion to bovine aorta endothelial cell line via extensive membrane protrusions (filopodia) of the membrane-attached flagellum (based on Beattie and Gull, 1997; Hemphill and Ross, 1995). (D) T. carassii attached through the posterior end, leaving the cell body and flagellum free to move, as also shown in Figure 5.