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Fig. S3 Alterations in retinoic acid receptor-alpha (RAR-α) activity are necessary and sufficient to alter proximodistal nephron patterning. A,B: Whole-mount in situ hybridization analysis for nephron segment markers (purple) and mhc (red) at the 28 somite stage in wild-type embryos treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; vehicle only), an RAR-α antagonist, or RAR-α agonist. Embryos are shown in lateral views with anterior to the left, with the exception of dorsal views to show podocytes. Black brackets and arrows indicated expression domains, and numbers correspond to somite position. RAR-α antagonist treatment reduced proximal segments and expanded distal segments, while RAR-α agonist treatment expanded proximal segments at the expense of distal fates. C: Summary of nephron segmentation with respect to embryo somite number for each treatment.