Fig. 1

Fabrication process of the nanoprobe and schematic diagram of programmed intracellular ROS and temperature detection.

a The fabrication process involves pulling the capillary to create a nanometer-sized tip, coating the glass nanopipette with Pt and Ni, and insulating the Pt and Ni layer with Al₂O₃. The insulating layer at the tip is then milled using FIB to expose the Pt and Ni. b Schematic illustrating the electrochemical detection of ROS and temperature by the nanoprobe in a living cell. The relay, programmed by the Arduino microcontroller, switches between ROS and temperature detection. When the nanoprobe’s Pt and Ni terminals are connected to a multimeter, it measures intracellular temperature. When the Pt terminal is connected to an amplifier with a reference electrode (RE) in the culture medium, it detects intracellular ROS