FIGURE 4

Different mechanism for induction of paraptosis. 1, IGFIR induced paraptosis via MAPK activation; 2, Proteasomal and ERAD inhibition mediated ER stress; 3, Increased ROS production from mitochondria to cytoplasm activated HO-2 and NPR to release CO thereby opening BKCa channel leading to paraptosis; 4, ROS increase due to the inhibition of TrxR1 and GSH depletion inducing ER stress mediated paraptosis; 5, Ca²⁺ influx via MCU triggers mitochondria mediated paraptosis; 6, Opening of ion channels, low K⁺ ions inside ER and mitochondria allows the transport of Na⁺ and H₂O into the cell thereby causing swelling of ER and mitochondria; 7, ERAD dysfunction due to the inhibition of proteasome leads to aggresome formation inducing ER stress mediated paraptosis; 8, Stimulation of immune response; 9, mCSF expressing cancer cells recognized by monocytes via activation of BKCa channel induced paraptosis; 10, The effect of photosensitizers in ER and mitochondrial inducing paraptosis; 11, Deletion of PERK induces sec61β-linked paraptosis leading to the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as HMGB1 thereby promoting monocytic-lineage inflammatory dendritic cells enhancing T-cell immunity. This figure was generated using Canva (www.canva.com).