Fig. 6

Top-ranking Food and Drug Administration?approved autophagy activators (FAAs), including spironolactone (Spi), pravastatin (Pra), minoxidil (Mino), and rapamycin (Rapa), exerted therapeutic effects in a mouse anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (AIC) model in a time-dependent fashion. A, Schematics of the experimental procedure for drug administration in the early phase of the mouse AIC model. B?D, Echocardiography was performed to evaluate cardiac functions (n=5). E, Schematics of the experimental procedure for drug administration to the AIC model mice in the late phase. F?H, Echocardiography was performed to evaluate cardiac functions (n=5; I and J) All 4 drugs attenuated the increase in serum LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) and CK-MB (creatine kinase-MB; n=8). K, All 4 drugs reversed body weight loss in the AIC model mice (n=10). One-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey test was used. Log-rank test was used in K for comparisons with the model group. We applied a 0.5% aqueous solution of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as a vehicle. DOX indicates doxorubicin; echo, echocardiography; EF, ejection fraction; IV, intravenous; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic dimension; and wpi, weeks postinjection.