Effect of Kiss1 treatment on expression of dopamine-related genes. (A,B) Schematic drawings of horizontal (A) and sagittal (B) views of a zebrafish brain illustrating intracranial administration of Kiss1 solution. An incision is made into the skull over the anterior part of the left optic tectum using a sterilized barbed-end needle (A). Through the incision made, Kiss1 solution was administered nearby Kiss1 neurons in the ventral habenula (vHb) using a heat-pulled glass capillary micropipette (B). T telencephalon, H habenula, IPN interpeduncular nucleus, MR median raphe. Adopted from Ogawa et al. and Lim et al.11,70. (C–E) Expression levels of th1 (C), th2 (D) and dat (E) mRNAs were measured in the whole brain (n = 7) at 30-min, 1-h, 3-h, 6-h, and 24-h following the intracranial administration with either vehicle (control; distilled water) or Kiss1 (K1) or its paralogous peptide, Kiss2 (K2) at doses of 10–12 or 10–9 mol/ fish. Data are representative of mRNA expression in relative to eef1a1l1 housekeeping gene and presented mean ± SEM as fold-change. *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.0001 versus control group using 2-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test.
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