Figure 1

Characteristic properties of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Physical properties like particle size, solubility, surface chemistry, shape, concentration, and chemical composition, determined at a broad scale to analyze subsequent toxicity caused by them in cell lines (normal/contaminated) and model organisms are summarized in the left panel (highlighted by blue color). The procedures to observe the underlying mechanism of toxicity, immunogenicity, metabolism, bioavailability and biodegradation under different parameters for designing MNPs more specifically for biomedical applications safely are summarized in the right panel (highlighted in orange color). See the Table 1 summary for detailed literature citations.