FIGURE 3

Effect of sinomenine use on the gut microbiome accompanying morphine dependence. (A) Venn diagram depicting the distribution of bacterial taxa (at the OTU level) from the different zebrafish experimental groups. (B) Alpha diversity of the fecal microbiome among the three groups according to the Chao 1, Richness, Shannon, and Simpson indices. (C) Beta diversity of the fecal microbiome among the three groups based on principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) at the OTU level based on Bray–Curtis similarity algorithms. (D) Comparison of species composition among the fecal microbiota of the C, M, and M+S groups at the phylum level. (E) Prediction of changed KEGG pathways using PICRUST analysis. *P < 0.05, ^∗∗P < 0.01 vs the C group; ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01 vs the M group. C, control group; M, morphine group; M+S, morphine+sinomenine group.