IAV infection causes a disease phenotype in zebrafish. Brightfield microscopy of live zebrafish at 24, 48 and 72 hpi, side oriented, anterior left, dorsal top, magnification ×25. The data presented represent three individual experiments, a mean of n=7 fish per treatment. (A,C,E) PBS-injected controls. Development proceeded normally in PBS-injected controls at 24 hpi (A), 48 hpi (C) and 72 hpi (E). (B,D,F) APR8-infected zebrafish. Embryos infected with APR8 or X-31 (data not shown) displayed symptoms of infection. IAV-infected zebrafish had pericardial edema (black arrowheads in B,D,F) and yolk sac edema (white arrowheads in B,D,F). IAV-infected zebrafish also had craniofacial abnormalities (red arrowhead in D) and arched backs (red arrowhead in F). The most striking phenotype of IAV-infected zebrafish was generalized edema that worsened over time.
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