(A) Illustrative raw signals from light-evoked (top, the arrow represents the light flash) and from basal ERG (bottom) in the mouse, rat, human, and zebrafish. Mock signals were normalized as explained in “Methods” section and filtered according to the calculated oscillatory components, i.e., 0.1–10 Hz in mice and rats, and 0.1–2 Hz in humans. (B) Averaged normalized power spectra, from mice (n = 12; green), rats (n = 12; blue), humans (n = 109; black), and zebrafishes (n = 4; orange), as indicated. Values, mean ± SEM (shaded areas). (C) Representative scalograms of spontaneous retinal oscillations in the indicated frequency ranges in mice, rats and humans. Of note, an enlargement of the human scalogram in the 0.1–10 Hz (dotted lines) is presented to better appreciate the infra-slow and delta-like activities. (D) Autocorrelograms of the spontaneous activity measured by mock ERG showing 0.16, 1.1, and 2.3 Hz oscillations in mice, 0.12, 0.2, and 1.1 Hz oscillations in rats, and an illustrative 0.55, 10, and 25 Hz oscillation in humans. (E) Peak frequency and (F) corresponding analysis of the infra-slow (asterisks and open squares), delta-like (open circles and triangles), alpha/sigma/beta-like (stars), and beta-like (crosses) oscillations in mice, rats, and humans, as indicated. P values were calculated using a mixed ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc.

Illustrative raw signals from light-evoked (top, the arrow represents the light flash) and from basal ERG (bottom) in the (A) RCS/RCS^+/+ and RCS^–/– rats and (D) control and cuprizone-treated mice, as indicated. Mock signals were normalized and filtered (0.1–10 Hz). (B,E) Corresponding averaged normalized wavelet power spectra; RCS/RCS^+/+ (n = 3; blue) and RCS^–/– (n = 4; light blue) rats; control (n = 6; green) and cuprizone-treated (n = 3; light green) mice. Values, mean ± SEM (shaded areas). (C,F) Corresponding peak frequency analysis of the infra-slow (I.S.₁ and I.S.₂ for low and high infra-slow, respectively) and delta-like (δ₁ and δ₂ for low and high delta-like, respectively) oscillations. P values were calculated using a mixed ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc.