FIGURE SUMMARY
Title

Dietary Succinate Impacts the Nutritional Metabolism, Protein Succinylation and Gut Microbiota of Zebrafish

Authors
Ding, Q., Lu, C., Hao, Q., Zhang, Q., Yang, Y., Olsen, R.E., Ringo, E., Ran, C., Zhang, Z., Zhou, Z.
Source
Full text @ Front Nutr
FIGURE 1

(A) Survival, (B) feed intake, (C) body weight gain, and (D) feed efficiency in zebrafish fed the CK or S0.15 diet for 4 weeks. Values are means ± standard errors of the means (SEMs; n = 4 biological replicates). Means without a common letter are significantly different, p < 0.05. CK, control-check diet; S0.05, S0.1, S0.15, and S0.2, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2% succinate-supplemented diets.
FIGURE 2

Whole body composition in zebrafish fed the CK or S0.15 diet for 4 weeks. (A) Whole body moisture, (B) whole body ash, (C) whole body crude fat, and (D) whole body crude protein. Values are means ± SEMs (n = 3 biological replicates). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. CK, control-check diet; S0.15, 0.15% succinate-supplemented diet.
FIGURE 3

Energy budget in zebrafish fed the CK or S0.15 diet for 4 weeks. (A) Whole body energy gain. (B) Standard metabolic energy. (C) Feeding metabolic energy. (D) Digestive enzyme activities. (E) Accumulation of swimming activities and (F) representative swimming activities of zebrafish larvae fed the CK or S0.15 diet for 1 week. Values are means ± SEMs (n = 4–6 biological replicates). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. CK, control-check diet; S0.15, 0.15% succinate-supplemented diet.
FIGURE 4

Metabolic intermediates in zebrafish fed the CK or S0.15 diet for 4 weeks. (A) Intestinal, hepatic, and muscular succinate levels. (B) Intestinal, hepatic, and muscular pyruvate contents. (C) Intestinal, hepatic, and muscular acetyl-CoA contents. Values are means ± SEMs (n = 5 biological replicates). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. CK, control-check diet; S0.15, 0.15% succinate-supplemented diet.
FIGURE 5

Fat accumulation and glucose homeostasis in zebrafish fed the CK or S0.15 diet for 4 weeks. (A) Intestinal, hepatic, and muscular TG levels. (B) Fasting plasma glucose levels. (C) Glucose tolerance test. Values are means ± SEMs (n = 4–21 biological replicates). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. CK, control-check diet; S0.15, 0.15% succinate-supplemented diet.
FIGURE 6

The expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in zebrafish fed the CK or S0.15 diet for 4 weeks. (A) Lipid synthesis- and (B) lipid-degradation-related genes in the intestine. (C) Lipid synthesis- and (D) lipid-degradation-related genes in the liver. (E) Lipid synthesis- and (F) lipid-degradation-related genes in the muscle. Values are means ± SEMs (n = 6 biological replicates). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. CK, control-check diet; S0.15, 0.15% succinate-supplemented diet.
FIGURE 7

The expression of glucose metabolism-related genes in zebrafish fed the CK or S0.15 diet for 4 weeks. (A) Gluconeogenesis-, (B) glycolysis-, and (C) glycogen synthesis-related genes in the intestine. (D) Gluconeogenesis-, (E) glycolysis-, and (F) glycogen synthesis-related genes in the liver. (G) Gluconeogenesis-, (H) glycolysis-, and (I) glycogen synthesis-related genes in the muscle. Values are means ± SEMs (n = 6 biological replicates). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. CK, control-check diet; S0.15, 0.15% succinate-supplemented diet.
FIGURE 8

The expression of protein metabolism-related genes in zebrafish fed the CK or S0.15 diet for 4 weeks. (A) Protein synthesis- and (B) protein degradation-related genes in the intestine. (C) Protein synthesis- and (D) protein degradation-related genes in the liver. (E) Protein synthesis- and (F) protein degradation-related genes in the muscle. Values are means ± SEMs (n = 6 biological replicates). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. CK, control-check diet; S0.15, 0.15% succinate-supplemented diet.
FIGURE 9

KEGG pathways of differentially succinylated proteins in the intestine of zebrafish fed the CK or S0.15 diet for 4 weeks. (A) Pathways involved in proteins with increased succinylation. (B) Pathways involved in proteins with decreased succinylation.
FIGURE 10

KEGG pathways of differentially succinylated proteins in the liver of zebrafish fed the CK or S0.15 diet for 4 weeks. (A) Pathways involved in proteins with increased succinylation. (B) Pathways involved in proteins with decreased succinylation.
FIGURE 11

Gut microbial community in zebrafish fed the CK or S0.15 diet for 4 weeks. (A) PCA analysis of the gut microbiota. (B) Relative abundance at the phylum level of the gut microbial community. (C) Relative abundance at the genus level of the gut microbial community. Values are means ± SEMs (n = 5 biological replicates). CK, control-check diet; S0.15, 0.15% succinate-supplemented diet.
Acknowledgments
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