PUBLICATION
Chains of Commerce: A Comprehensive Review of Animal Welfare Impacts in the International Wildlife Trade
- Authors
- Lambert, H., Elwin, A., Assou, D., Auliya, M., Harrington, L.A., Hughes, A.C., Mookerjee, A., Moorhouse, T., Petrossian, G.A., Sun, E., Warwick, C., Can, Ö.E., D'Cruze, N.
- ID
- ZDB-PUB-250413-1
- Date
- 2025
- Source
- Animals : an open access journal from MDPI 15: (Review)
- Registered Authors
- Keywords
- animal sentience, animal welfare, behaviour change initiatives, demand redirection, wildlife trade
- MeSH Terms
- none
- PubMed
- 40218366 Full text @ Animals (Basel)
Citation
Lambert, H., Elwin, A., Assou, D., Auliya, M., Harrington, L.A., Hughes, A.C., Mookerjee, A., Moorhouse, T., Petrossian, G.A., Sun, E., Warwick, C., Can, Ö.E., D'Cruze, N. (2025) Chains of Commerce: A Comprehensive Review of Animal Welfare Impacts in the International Wildlife Trade. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI. 15:.
Abstract
The commercial wildlife trade involves billions of animals each year, consumed for various purposes, including food, fashion, entertainment, traditional medicine, and pets. The experiences of the animals involved vary widely, with negative welfare states being commonplace. To highlight the broad scope of animal welfare impacts across the commercial wildlife trade, we present ten case studies featuring a range of species traded globally for different purposes: (1) Ball pythons captured and farmed to serve as pets; (2) Zebrafish captive bred to serve as pets; (3) African Grey Parrots taken from the wild for the pet industry; (4) Sharks de-finned for traditional medicine; (5) Pangolins hunted for traditional medicine; (6) Crickets farmed for food and feed; (7) Frogs wild-caught for the frog-leg trade; (8) Crocodilians killed for their skins; (9) Lions farmed and killed for tourism; and (10) Elephants held captive for tourism. The case studies demonstrate that wild animals commercially traded can suffer from negative welfare states ranging from chronic stress and depression to frustration and extreme hunger. The individuals involved range from hundreds to billions, and their suffering can last a lifetime. Given the welfare issues identified and the growing recognition and scientific evidence for animal sentience, we propose reducing and redirecting consumer demand for these consumptive wildlife practices that negatively impact animals.
Genes / Markers
Expression
Phenotype
Mutations / Transgenics
Human Disease / Model
Sequence Targeting Reagents
Fish
Orthology
Engineered Foreign Genes
Mapping