PUBLICATION
6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB), a novel perfluorooctane sulfonate alternative, induced developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos
- Authors
- Shi, G., Xie, Y., Guo, Y., Dai, J.
- ID
- ZDB-PUB-171219-7
- Date
- 2017
- Source
- Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 195: 24-32 (Journal)
- Registered Authors
- Keywords
- 6:2 FTAB, Cell apoptosis, Developmental toxicity, Immunotoxicity, Oxidative stress, Zebrafish embryos
- MeSH Terms
-
- Alkanesulfonic Acids/chemistry
- Alkanesulfonic Acids/toxicity*
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Caspases/metabolism
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/drug effects*
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/pathology
- Fluorocarbons/chemistry
- Fluorocarbons/toxicity*
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Immune System/drug effects
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Sulfonamides/chemistry
- Sulfonamides/toxicity*
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
- Zebrafish/embryology*
- Zebrafish/genetics
- Zebrafish/immunology
- Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism
- PubMed
- 29247975 Full text @ Aquat. Toxicol.
Citation
Shi, G., Xie, Y., Guo, Y., Dai, J. (2017) 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB), a novel perfluorooctane sulfonate alternative, induced developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 195:24-32.
Abstract
6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB) is a major component of Forafac®1157, a novel perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) alternative used globally in aqueous film forming foams (AFFFs). Although 6:2 FTAB has been recently detected in the aquatic environment, its toxic effects on aquatic organisms remain unclear. Here, zebrafish embryos were exposed to various concentrations of 6:2 FTAB (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/L) from 6 to 120 h post-fertilization (hpf) to investigate its developmental toxicity and possible mechanism of action. Results showed that exposure to 40 mg/L or higher concentrations of 6:2 FTAB significantly decreased the survival percentage and increased the malformation percentage. The median lethal concentration (LC50) at 120 hpf was 43.73 ± 3.24 mg/L, and the corresponding benchmark dose lower limit (BMDL) of lethal effect was 33.79 mg/L. These values were both higher than those for PFOS, supporting the notion that 6:2 FTAB is less toxic than PFOS to zebrafish embryos. The most common developmental defect in 6:2 FTAB-treated embryos was rough-edged skin/fins. TUNEL assay showed that 6:2 FTAB exposure induced cell apoptosis in the tail region compared with that of the control, which might explain the rough-edged skin/fins. The increased transcriptional levels of p53, bax, and apaf1 and the increased activities of caspase-3, -8, and -9 provided further evidence of 6:2 FTAB-induced apoptosis. We also analyzed the effects of 6:2 FTAB on oxidative stress and the immune system. Results showed that reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde accumulated in concentration-dependent manners after exposure to 6:2 FTAB, and antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase and glutathione peroxidase) also changed. Exposure to 6:2 FTAB also altered the transcriptional levels of ccl1, il-1β, il-8, tnfα, ifn, and cxcl-c1c, which play important roles in the innate immune system. Collectively, our data suggest that 6:2 FTAB exposure can induce cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and immunotoxicity, thus highlighting the developmental toxicity of 6:2 FTAB in zebrafish embryos.
Genes / Markers
Expression
Phenotype
Mutations / Transgenics
Human Disease / Model
Sequence Targeting Reagents
Fish
Orthology
Engineered Foreign Genes
Mapping