PUBLICATION

An Ultraconserved Brain-Specific Enhancer Within ADGRL3 (LPHN3) Underpins Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Susceptibility

Authors
Martinez, A.F., Abe, Y., Hong, S., Molyneux, K., Yarnell, D., Löhr, H., Driever, W., Acosta, M.T., Arcos-Burgos, M., Muenke, M.
ID
ZDB-PUB-161007-40
Date
2016
Source
Biological psychiatry   80(12): 943-954 (Journal)
Registered Authors
Driever, Wolfgang, Hong, Sung-Kook, Löhr, Heiko
Keywords
ADGRL3, ADHD, Cis-acting regulatory element, Enhancer, Evolutionary conserved regions, Genetics, LPHN3, Latrophilin, Zebrafish
MeSH Terms
  • Adolescent
  • Adult
  • Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/genetics*
  • Child
  • Child, Preschool
  • Female
  • Genetic Predisposition to Disease*
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Pedigree
  • Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
  • Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics*
  • Receptors, Peptide/genetics*
  • Young Adult
PubMed
27692237 Full text @ Biol. Psychiatry
Abstract
Genetic factors predispose individuals to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous studies have reported linkage and association to ADHD of gene variants within ADGRL3. In this study, we functionally analyzed noncoding variants in this gene as likely pathological contributors.
In silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches were used to identify and characterize evolutionary conserved elements within the ADGRL3 linkage region (~207 Kb). Family-based genetic analyses of 838 individuals (372 affected and 466 unaffected patients) identified ADHD-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms harbored in some of these conserved elements. Luciferase assays and zebrafish green fluorescent protein transgenesis tested conserved elements for transcriptional enhancer activity. Electromobility shift assays were used to verify transcription factor-binding disruption by ADHD risk alleles.
An ultraconserved element was discovered (evolutionary conserved region 47) that functions as a transcriptional enhancer. A three-variant ADHD risk haplotype in evolutionary conserved region 47, formed by rs17226398, rs56038622, and rs2271338, reduced enhancer activity by 40% in neuroblastoma and astrocytoma cells (pBonferroni < .0001). This enhancer also drove green fluorescent protein expression in the zebrafish brain in a tissue-specific manner, sharing aspects of endogenous ADGRL3 expression. The rs2271338 risk allele disrupts binding of YY1 transcription factor, an important factor in the development and function of the central nervous system. Expression quantitative trait loci analysis of postmortem human brain tissues revealed an association between rs2271338 and reduced ADGRL3 expression in the thalamus.
These results uncover the first functional evidence of common noncoding variants with potential implications for the pathology of ADHD.
Genes / Markers
Figures
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Expression
Phenotype
Mutations / Transgenics
Human Disease / Model
Sequence Targeting Reagents
Fish
Antibodies
Orthology
Engineered Foreign Genes
Mapping