PUBLICATION
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is essential for development of zebrafish, Danio rerio
- Authors
- Ito, K., Yoshiura, Y., Ototake, M., and Nakanishi, T.
- ID
- ZDB-PUB-071219-3
- Date
- 2008
- Source
- Developmental and comparative immunology 32(6): 664-672 (Journal)
- Registered Authors
- Keywords
- Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), Cytokine, Development, Zebrafish, Eye, Morpholino, Growth factor, Proliferation
- MeSH Terms
-
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/immunology*
- Immunohistochemistry
- Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/physiology*
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/metabolism
- Organ Specificity
- Organogenesis/genetics
- Organogenesis/immunology
- Zebrafish/embryology*
- Zebrafish/metabolism
- PubMed
- 18068224 Full text @ Dev. Comp. Immunol.
Citation
Ito, K., Yoshiura, Y., Ototake, M., and Nakanishi, T. (2008) Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is essential for development of zebrafish, Danio rerio. Developmental and comparative immunology. 32(6):664-672.
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was discovered as the first cytokine that inhibited the random migration of macrophages. Recently, MIF has been reported to be involved in embryonic development in higher vertebrates. In fish, however, nothing is known about the function of MIF at early life stages, although immunological functions of MIF have been reported in adult fish. To elucidate the function of MIF during embryonic development in fish, we examined expression patterns and function of the zebrafish MIF gene using antisense morpholino-mediated knockdown (morpholino oligonucleotide-MO). In whole-mount in situ hybridization analysis, zebrafish MIF mRNA was detected in developing eyes, tectum, branchial arches, pectoral fin buds, liver and gut. The onset of MIF mRNA expression coincided with the beginning of tissue differentiation during embryogenesis. MIF-MO-injected embryos (morphants) displayed malformed eyes, abnormal swelling in the tectum and fourth ventricle region, and undeveloped jaw cartilage and pectoral fins. An increased number of apoptotic cells in the eye and neural tissues were observed in MIF morphants by histological analysis and acridine orange staining. Moreover, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were reduced in morphant eyes. These results suggest that MIF is essential for normal embryonic development even at the level of teleosts and that it functions as a growth factor for the proliferation and differentiation of embryonic tissues.
Genes / Markers
Expression
Phenotype
Mutations / Transgenics
Human Disease / Model
Sequence Targeting Reagents
Fish
Orthology
Engineered Foreign Genes
Mapping