Figure 3

Figure 3

Volcano plot illustrating differential protein expression in HaCaT keratinocytes after exposure to PsBU. Each dot represents a quantified protein, where the x-axis shows the log₂ fold-change between treated and control cells, and the y-axis displays the −log₁₀p-value from the ANOVA test. Proteins meeting both significance and magnitude cut-offs (p < 0.05, log₂ |fold-change| ≥ 1) are colour-coded: red points denote significantly increased abundance (log₂ FC ≥ 1) and green points denote significantly decreased abundance (log₂ FC ≤ −1). Grey points correspond to non-significant changes. Shaded rectangles mark the significance region (−log₁₀p > 1.301). Using these criteria, 42 proteins were increased, and 41 were decreased.