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Fig. 5 Proposed mechanism by which Hcp2 regulated LPS and PGN assembly in V. alginolyticus. This regulatory process was achieved through three key steps: (I) Hcp2 modulates the expression of secB and secD/F via the cAMP–CRP pathway. (II) Hcp2 positively influenced the trans-membrane secretion of LPS, PGN assembly associated proteins. (III) Consequently, the extraction of LPS and the remodeling of PGN were affected by Hcp2. Black solid arrows represent positive regulatory effects, as supported by our previous findings and the current study. Black dashed arrows denote the translation and inner membrane localization processes of these genes. The red square and line highlight a magnified view of the cell wall structure (left). OM, outer membrane; IN, inner membrane; Per., periplasm; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; PGN, peptidoglycan.