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Fig. 5 Abilities of ET13WT, ET13ΔaroC, and ET13aroC+ for adhesion and invasion assay in Caco-2 cells. E. tarda strains infected the Caco-2 cells for 1 h to reach an adequate infection level. The Caco-2 cells were washed three times, lysed with 1% Triton X- 100 in PBS, and lysates were plated on LB agar plates to assay the adhesion of bacterial cells. Invasion assay: After infection for 2, 4, 8, and 24 h the cells were incubated for another 1 h in a cell culture medium containing gentamicin (100 mg/mL). After antibiotic treatment, Caco-2 cells were lysed with 1% Triton X-100 in PBS, and lysates were plated on LB agar plates to count the invasive bacterial cells. Note: Data were obtained from three independent experiments. Asterisks (*) indicate statistical significance (P < 0.05) compared with the WT in the corresponding group