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Figure 1
PCA biplot of growth and reproductive parameters across dietary treatments (SM0–SM50). Points denote treatments; colored ellipses show k-means clusters. Arrows indicate variable loadings: FW (final weight), WG (weight gain), SGR (specific growth rate), FE (feed efficiency), PER (protein efficiency ratio), TL (total length), GSI (gonadosomatic index), EG (egg production), FR (fertilization rate), and HA (hatching rate). PC1 and PC2 explain 85.5% and 12.6% of total variance, respectively.
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