Fig. 4

Fig. 4 Effect of MSN-AVA-TPP@DOX on M. marinum biofilms.

a Schematic representation of the protocol used. b Quantity of bacteria per granuloma-like medium volume represented as CFU/cm³ (colony forming units), after treatment of the biofilm with MSN-AVA-TPP@DOX (250 and 500 µg/mL) or free DOX (1.2, 6, and 12 µg/mL). Four biological replicates were performed with at least 2 technical replicates each. Data are shown as individual counts (technical replicates) with median and interquartile range (n = 9). Comparisons were done using ordinary one-way ANOVA with Šídák’s multiple comparisons test. Asterisks above each bar correspond to comparison to non-treated condition (gray). Adjusted p values (from left to right): **p = 0.0021, ****p < 0.0001, ns p = 0.1328, *p = 0.0409 (DOX 6), *p = 0.0202 (DOX 12), ***p = 0.0001. c Representative images of the macro and microcolonies within the biofilm after no treatment (left panel), and treatment with 250 and 500 µg/mL of MSN-AVA-TPP@DOX (middle and right panel, respectively). Three independent experiments were performed. d Representative confocal images of microcolonies at different concentrations of MSN-AVA-TPP@DOX. First line corresponds to xy orthogonal projection of z-stack confocal images, with zoomed images (second line) of the white squares. Three independent experiments were performed. Created in BioRender. Kremer, L. (2025) https://BioRender.com/y4eccvw. Source data are provided as a SourceData file.