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Fig. 3 DRV formulations demonstrate dose-dependent cytotoxicity towards AML and normal cell lines after various incubation times. The AML cell lines MOLM-13, OCI-AML3, and MV4–11, and the NRK cell line, were measured for viability after incubation with various concentrations of either empty dehydration-rehydration vesicles (DRV), free chlorpromazine (CPZ), CPZ-loaded DRV, or DRV loaded with different cyclodextrin (CD)/CPZ-complexes. Cells were either incubated for 24 or 72 h. The results are shown as viability relative to untreated cells as measured by the metabolic conversion of the WST-1 reagent and represent the mean ± SD from 2 to 5 wells obtained from two separate experiments.