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Fig. 2 IL10 was specifically up-regulated at mesoderm stage during vascular cell differentiation from hiPSCs. (A-B) RNA sequencing analysis showing modulated gene profiles during mesoderm induction from hiPSCs. Undifferentiated hiPSCs were induced to differentiate toward mesodermal (Meso, day 4) cells. Total RNAs were harvested and subjected to RNA sequencing analysis (n=3 independent samples per group). (A) Volcano plot showing differently expressed gene profile in hiPSC-derived Meso cells and undifferentiated hiPSCs. Numbers (5603 and 4438) indicate the downregulated and upregulated gene numbers in mesoderm cells, compared to undifferentiated hiPSCs. (B) Top 105 up-regulated genes at mesodermal differentiation stage from RNA sequencing analysis. (C-D) IL10 induction at mesoderm stage during vascular cell differentiation from hiPSCs. Undifferentiated hiPSCs were induced to differentiate toward Meso (day 4), ECs (day 8) and SMCs (day 8), respectively. Total RNAs and cell culture supernatant were harvested at indicated differentiation stages and subjected to RT-qPCR (C), and ELISA (D) analysis, respectively. The data presented in (C-D) are mean±S.E.M. of five independent experiments (n=5). *P<0.05 (vs hiPSCs).