Role of ENG, HGF, and ARTN in mediating hypEVs’ pro-angiogenic effect towards ECs. (A–E) Results of tube formation assays performed on HBEC-5i cells. Cells were seeded on Matrigel and cultured in a medium containing hypEVs (20 µg/mL), pre-incubated with blocking antibodies. Specifically, anti-ENG, anti-HGF, anti-ARTN antibodies, or antibody combinations were used, as indicated. Capillary-like networks were imaged after 6 h, using a 4× objective. Histograms represent the cumulative tube length of the networks, as quantified using the Angiogenesis Analyzer plugin in ImageJ. N = 3. Bars represent mean ± SEM. The Kruskal–Wallis test was applied. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001, ns: not significant.
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